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    <pre style="white-space:pre-line"><code>Bibliografia

â€¢ Dâ€™Amico, M., Bellomo, R.G., Roncoletta, P., Saggini, R. (2014) Analisi quantitativa non
        ionizzante di postura e movimento, in: Donelli F, Bellomo RG, Cherubino P, Il danno in
        ortopedia e traumatologia. ISBN: 9788890380761.

â€¢ Faulin, E. F., Guedes, C. G., Feltrin, P. P., Joffiley C. M. M. S. C. (2015). Association between
        temporomandibular disorders and abnormal head postures. Brazilian oral research, 29(1), 1-6.

â€¢ Hawker, G. A., Mian, S., Kendzerska, T., French, M. (2011). Measures of adult pain: Visual
        analog scale for pain (vas pain), numeric rating scale for pain (nrs pain), mcgill pain
        questionnaire (mpq), shortâ€form mcgill pain questionnaire (sfâ€mpq), chronic pain grade scale
        (cpgs), short formâ€36 bodily pain scale (sfâ€36 bps), and measure of intermittent and constant
        osteoarthritis pain (icoap). Arthritis care & research, 63(S11), S240-S252.

â€¢ Huskisson, E. C. (1974). Measurement of pain. The Lancet, 304(7889), 1127-1131.
â€¢ Saccucci, M., Tettamanti, L., Mummolo, S., Polimeni, A., Festa, F., Salini, V., Tecco, S.

        (2011). Scoliosis and dental occlusion: a review of the literature. Scoliosis, 6(1), 15.
â€¢ Widmalm, S. E., McKay, D. C., Radke, J. C., Zhang, Y., Wang, X., Wang, M. (2013). Gender

        differences in Low and high pain palpation thresholds in the Tmj and neck areas. CRANIOÂ®,
        31(2), 92-99.

Raccomandazione 3

La diagnosi di disfunzione posturale necessita oltrechÃ© di valutazioni cliniche
anche di specifiche indagini strumentali per identificarne la natura e lâ€™entitÃ .

Forza della raccomandazione: A
Grado dellâ€™evidenza: VI

La diagnosi obiettivo-clinica di disfunzione posturale si basa su:

                Aspetti clinici oggetto di     Test / esami strumentali consigliati
                    approfondimento

Valutazione     asimmetrie mascellari          - Radiografia ortopanoramica
dellâ€™ortostasi
del cranio                                     - Teleradiografia laterale e postero-anteriore del cranio

                                               - Tomografia computerizzata cone beam del cranio in toto e
                                                 della colonna cervicale

                alterazioni occlusali          - Radiografia ortopanoramica

                                               - Teleradiografia laterale e postero-anteriore del cranio
                                               - Tomografia computerizzata cone beam del cranio in toto e

                                                 della colonna cervicale

                disfunzione dellâ€™ATM           - Stratigrafia dellâ€™ATM
                                               - Risonanza magnetica nucleare dellâ€™ATM
                                               - Kinesiografia mandibolare
                                               - Elettromiografia

                posizioni anomale del capo di  - Test del filo a piombo
                origine oculare
                                               - Esame optoelettronico stereografico

                                               - Tomografia computerizzata cone beam del cranio in toto e
                                                 della colonna cervicale

                alterazioni dei frenuli

Valutazione     squilibri rispetto alla postura - Test del filo a piombo

                                                                                                           14</code></pre>
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